java.util.regex

## Class Matcher

- java.lang.Object
- - java.util.regex.Matcher

- All Implemented Interfaces:
    MatchResult

      public final class Matcher
      extends Object
      implements MatchResult

  An engine that performs match operations on a ``character sequence`` by interpreting a `Pattern`.

  A matcher is created from a pattern by invoking the pattern's `matcher` method. Once created, a matcher can be used to perform three different kinds of match operations:

  - The `matches` method attempts to match the entire input sequence against the pattern.

  - The `lookingAt` method attempts to match the input sequence, starting at the beginning, against the pattern.

  - The `find` method scans the input sequence looking for the next subsequence that matches the pattern.

  Each of these methods returns a boolean indicating success or failure. More information about a successful match can be obtained by querying the state of the matcher.

  A matcher finds matches in a subset of its input called the region. By default, the region contains all of the matcher's input. The region can be modified via the`region` method and queried via the `regionStart` and `regionEnd` methods. The way that the region boundaries interact with some pattern constructs can be changed. See `useAnchoringBounds` and `useTransparentBounds` for more details.

  This class also defines methods for replacing matched subsequences with new strings whose contents can, if desired, be computed from the match result. The `appendReplacement` and `appendTail` methods can be used in tandem in order to collect the result into an existing string buffer, or the more convenient `replaceAll` method can be used to create a string in which every matching subsequence in the input sequence is replaced.

  The explicit state of a matcher includes the start and end indices of the most recent successful match. It also includes the start and end indices of the input subsequence captured by each capturing group in the pattern as well as a total count of such subsequences. As a convenience, methods are also provided for returning these captured subsequences in string form.

  The explicit state of a matcher is initially undefined; attempting to query any part of it before a successful match will cause an `IllegalStateException` to be thrown. The explicit state of a matcher is recomputed by every match operation.

  The implicit state of a matcher includes the input character sequence as well as the append position, which is initially zero and is updated by the `appendReplacement` method.

  A matcher may be reset explicitly by invoking its `reset()` method or, if a new input sequence is desired, its `reset(CharSequence)` method. Resetting a matcher discards its explicit state information and sets the append position to zero.

  Instances of this class are not safe for use by multiple concurrent threads.

  Since:
    1.4
  Author:
    Mike McCloskey, Mark Reinhold, JSR-51 Expert Group

- - ### Method Summary

    All Methods Static Methods Instance Methods Concrete Methods
    Modifier and Type | Method and Description
    --- | ---
    `Matcher` | `appendReplacement(StringBuffer sb, String replacement)` Implements a non-terminal append-and-replace step.
    `StringBuffer` | `appendTail(StringBuffer sb)` Implements a terminal append-and-replace step.
    `int` | `end()` Returns the offset after the last character matched.
    `int` | `end(int group)` Returns the offset after the last character of the subsequence captured by the given group during the previous match operation.
    `boolean` | `find()` Attempts to find the next subsequence of the input sequence that matches the pattern.
    `boolean` | `find(int start)` Resets this matcher and then attempts to find the next subsequence of the input sequence that matches the pattern, starting at the specified index.
    `String` | `group()` Returns the input subsequence matched by the previous match.
    `String` | `group(int group)` Returns the input subsequence captured by the given group during the previous match operation.
    `String` | `group(String name)` Returns the input subsequence captured by the given named-capturing group during the previous match operation.
    `int` | `groupCount()` Returns the number of capturing groups in this matcher's pattern.
    `boolean` | `hasAnchoringBounds()` Queries the anchoring of region bounds for this matcher.
    `boolean` | `hasTransparentBounds()` Queries the transparency of region bounds for this matcher.
    `boolean` | `hitEnd()` Returns true if the end of input was hit by the search engine in the last match operation performed by this matcher.
    `boolean` | `lookingAt()` Attempts to match the input sequence, starting at the beginning of the region, against the pattern.
    `boolean` | `matches()` Attempts to match the entire region against the pattern.
    `Pattern` | `pattern()` Returns the pattern that is interpreted by this matcher.
    `static String` | `quoteReplacement(String s)` Returns a literal replacement `String` for the specified `String`.
    `Matcher` | `region(int start, int end)` Sets the limits of this matcher's region.
    `int` | `regionEnd()` Reports the end index (exclusive) of this matcher's region.
    `int` | `regionStart()` Reports the start index of this matcher's region.
    `String` | `replaceAll(String replacement)` Replaces every subsequence of the input sequence that matches the pattern with the given replacement string.
    `String` | `replaceFirst(String replacement)` Replaces the first subsequence of the input sequence that matches the pattern with the given replacement string.
    `boolean` | `requireEnd()` Returns true if more input could change a positive match into a negative one.
    `Matcher` | `reset()` Resets this matcher.
    `Matcher` | `reset(CharSequence input)` Resets this matcher with a new input sequence.
    `int` | `start()` Returns the start index of the previous match.
    `int` | `start(int group)` Returns the start index of the subsequence captured by the given group during the previous match operation.
    `MatchResult` | `toMatchResult()` Returns the match state of this matcher as a `MatchResult`.
    `String` | `toString()` Returns the string representation of this matcher.
    `Matcher` | `useAnchoringBounds(boolean b)` Sets the anchoring of region bounds for this matcher.
    `Matcher` | `usePattern(Pattern newPattern)` Changes the `Pattern` that this `Matcher` uses to find matches with.
    `Matcher` | `useTransparentBounds(boolean b)` Sets the transparency of region bounds for this matcher.

    - ### Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

      `clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait`

- - ### Method Detail

    - #### pattern

          public Pattern pattern()

      Returns the pattern that is interpreted by this matcher.
      Returns:
        The pattern for which this matcher was created

    - #### toMatchResult

          public MatchResult toMatchResult()

      Returns the match state of this matcher as a `MatchResult`. The result is unaffected by subsequent operations performed upon this matcher.
      Returns:
        a `MatchResult` with the state of this matcher
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### usePattern

          public Matcher usePattern(Pattern newPattern)

      Changes the `Pattern` that this `Matcher` uses to find matches with.

      This method causes this matcher to lose information about the groups of the last match that occurred. The matcher's position in the input is maintained and its last append position is unaffected.

      Parameters:
        `newPattern` - The new pattern used by this matcher
      Returns:
        This matcher
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - If newPattern is `null`
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### reset

          public Matcher reset()

      Resets this matcher.

      Resetting a matcher discards all of its explicit state information and sets its append position to zero. The matcher's region is set to the default region, which is its entire character sequence. The anchoring and transparency of this matcher's region boundaries are unaffected.

      Returns:
        This matcher

    - #### reset

          public Matcher reset(CharSequence input)

      Resets this matcher with a new input sequence.

      Resetting a matcher discards all of its explicit state information and sets its append position to zero. The matcher's region is set to the default region, which is its entire character sequence. The anchoring and transparency of this matcher's region boundaries are unaffected.

      Parameters:
        `input` - The new input character sequence
      Returns:
        This matcher

    - #### start

          public int start()

      Returns the start index of the previous match.
      Specified by:
        `start` in interface `MatchResult`
      Returns:
        The index of the first character matched
      Throws:
        `IllegalStateException` - If no match has yet been attempted, or if the previous match operation failed

    - #### start

          public int start(int group)

      Returns the start index of the subsequence captured by the given group during the previous match operation.

      Capturing groups are indexed from left to right, starting at one. Group zero denotes the entire pattern, so the expression m.`start(0)` is equivalent to m.`start()`.

      Specified by:
        `start` in interface `MatchResult`
      Parameters:
        `group` - The index of a capturing group in this matcher's pattern
      Returns:
        The index of the first character captured by the group, or `-1` if the match was successful but the group itself did not match anything
      Throws:
        `IllegalStateException` - If no match has yet been attempted, or if the previous match operation failed
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - If there is no capturing group in the pattern with the given index

    - #### end

          public int end()

      Returns the offset after the last character matched.
      Specified by:
        `end` in interface `MatchResult`
      Returns:
        The offset after the last character matched
      Throws:
        `IllegalStateException` - If no match has yet been attempted, or if the previous match operation failed

    - #### end

          public int end(int group)

      Returns the offset after the last character of the subsequence captured by the given group during the previous match operation.

      Capturing groups are indexed from left to right, starting at one. Group zero denotes the entire pattern, so the expression m.`end(0)` is equivalent to m.`end()`.

      Specified by:
        `end` in interface `MatchResult`
      Parameters:
        `group` - The index of a capturing group in this matcher's pattern
      Returns:
        The offset after the last character captured by the group, or `-1` if the match was successful but the group itself did not match anything
      Throws:
        `IllegalStateException` - If no match has yet been attempted, or if the previous match operation failed
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - If there is no capturing group in the pattern with the given index

    - #### group

          public String group()

      Returns the input subsequence matched by the previous match.

      For a matcher m with input sequence s, the expressions m.`group()` and s.`substring(`m.`start(),` m.`end())` are equivalent.

      Note that some patterns, for example `a*`, match the empty string. This method will return the empty string when the pattern successfully matches the empty string in the input.

      Specified by:
        `group` in interface `MatchResult`
      Returns:
        The (possibly empty) subsequence matched by the previous match, in string form
      Throws:
        `IllegalStateException` - If no match has yet been attempted, or if the previous match operation failed

    - #### group

          public String group(int group)

      Returns the input subsequence captured by the given group during the previous match operation.

      For a matcher m, input sequence s, and group index g, the expressions m.`group(`g`)` and s.`substring(`m.`start(`g`),` m.`end(`g`))` are equivalent.

      Capturing groups are indexed from left to right, starting at one. Group zero denotes the entire pattern, so the expression `m.group(0)` is equivalent to `m.group()`.

      If the match was successful but the group specified failed to match any part of the input sequence, then `null` is returned. Note that some groups, for example `(a*)`, match the empty string. This method will return the empty string when such a group successfully matches the empty string in the input.

      Specified by:
        `group` in interface `MatchResult`
      Parameters:
        `group` - The index of a capturing group in this matcher's pattern
      Returns:
        The (possibly empty) subsequence captured by the group during the previous match, or `null` if the group failed to match part of the input
      Throws:
        `IllegalStateException` - If no match has yet been attempted, or if the previous match operation failed
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - If there is no capturing group in the pattern with the given index

    - #### group

          public String group(String name)

      Returns the input subsequence captured by the given named-capturing group during the previous match operation.

      If the match was successful but the group specified failed to match any part of the input sequence, then `null` is returned. Note that some groups, for example `(a*)`, match the empty string. This method will return the empty string when such a group successfully matches the empty string in the input.

      Parameters:
        `name` - The name of a named-capturing group in this matcher's pattern
      Returns:
        The (possibly empty) subsequence captured by the named group during the previous match, or `null` if the group failed to match part of the input
      Throws:
        `IllegalStateException` - If no match has yet been attempted, or if the previous match operation failed
        `IllegalArgumentException` - If there is no capturing group in the pattern with the given name

    - #### groupCount

          public int groupCount()

      Returns the number of capturing groups in this matcher's pattern.

      Group zero denotes the entire pattern by convention. It is not included in this count.

      Any non-negative integer smaller than or equal to the value returned by this method is guaranteed to be a valid group index for this matcher.

      Specified by:
        `groupCount` in interface `MatchResult`
      Returns:
        The number of capturing groups in this matcher's pattern

    - #### matches

          public boolean matches()

      Attempts to match the entire region against the pattern.

      If the match succeeds then more information can be obtained via the `start`, `end`, and `group` methods.

      Returns:
        `true` if, and only if, the entire region sequence matches this matcher's pattern

    - #### find

          public boolean find()

      Attempts to find the next subsequence of the input sequence that matches the pattern.

      This method starts at the beginning of this matcher's region, or, if a previous invocation of the method was successful and the matcher has not since been reset, at the first character not matched by the previous match.

      If the match succeeds then more information can be obtained via the `start`, `end`, and `group` methods.

      Returns:
        `true` if, and only if, a subsequence of the input sequence matches this matcher's pattern

    - #### find

          public boolean find(int start)

      Resets this matcher and then attempts to find the next subsequence of the input sequence that matches the pattern, starting at the specified index.

      If the match succeeds then more information can be obtained via the `start`, `end`, and `group` methods, and subsequent invocations of the `find()` method will start at the first character not matched by this match.

      Returns:
        `true` if, and only if, a subsequence of the input sequence starting at the given index matches this matcher's pattern
      Throws:
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - If start is less than zero or if start is greater than the length of the input sequence.

    - #### lookingAt

          public boolean lookingAt()

      Attempts to match the input sequence, starting at the beginning of the region, against the pattern.

      Like the `matches` method, this method always starts at the beginning of the region; unlike that method, it does not require that the entire region be matched.

      If the match succeeds then more information can be obtained via the `start`, `end`, and `group` methods.

      Returns:
        `true` if, and only if, a prefix of the input sequence matches this matcher's pattern

    - #### quoteReplacement

          public static String quoteReplacement(String s)

      Returns a literal replacement `String` for the specified `String`. This method produces a `String` that will work as a literal replacement `s` in the `appendReplacement` method of the `Matcher` class. The `String` produced will match the sequence of characters in `s` treated as a literal sequence. Slashes ('\') and dollar signs ('$') will be given no special meaning.
      Parameters:
        `s` - The string to be literalized
      Returns:
        A literal string replacement
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### appendReplacement

          public Matcher appendReplacement(StringBuffer sb,
                                           String replacement)

      Implements a non-terminal append-and-replace step.

      This method performs the following actions:

      1. It reads characters from the input sequence, starting at the append position, and appends them to the given string buffer. It stops after reading the last character preceding the previous match, that is, the character at index `start()` `-` `1`.

      2. It appends the given replacement string to the string buffer.

      3. It sets the append position of this matcher to the index of the last character matched, plus one, that is, to `end()`.

      The replacement string may contain references to subsequences captured during the previous match: Each occurrence of `${`name`}` or `$`g will be replaced by the result of evaluating the corresponding `group(name)` or `group(g)` respectively. For `$`g``, the first number after the `$` is always treated as part of the group reference. Subsequent numbers are incorporated into g if they would form a legal group reference. Only the numerals '0' through '9' are considered as potential components of the group reference. If the second group matched the string `"foo"`, for example, then passing the replacement string `"$2bar"` would cause `"foobar"` to be appended to the string buffer. A dollar sign (`$`) may be included as a literal in the replacement string by preceding it with a backslash (`\$`).

      Note that backslashes (`\`) and dollar signs (`$`) in the replacement string may cause the results to be different than if it were being treated as a literal replacement string. Dollar signs may be treated as references to captured subsequences as described above, and backslashes are used to escape literal characters in the replacement string.

      This method is intended to be used in a loop together with the `appendTail` and `find` methods. The following code, for example, writes `one dog two dogs in the yard` to the standard-output stream:

      >      Pattern p = Pattern.compile("cat");
      >      Matcher m = p.matcher("one cat two cats in the yard");
      >      StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
      >      while (m.find()) {
      >          m.appendReplacement(sb, "dog");
      >      }
      >      m.appendTail(sb);
      >      System.out.println(sb.toString());

      Parameters:
        `sb` - The target string buffer
        `replacement` - The replacement string
      Returns:
        This matcher
      Throws:
        `IllegalStateException` - If no match has yet been attempted, or if the previous match operation failed
        `IllegalArgumentException` - If the replacement string refers to a named-capturing group that does not exist in the pattern
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - If the replacement string refers to a capturing group that does not exist in the pattern

    - #### appendTail

          public StringBuffer appendTail(StringBuffer sb)

      Implements a terminal append-and-replace step.

      This method reads characters from the input sequence, starting at the append position, and appends them to the given string buffer. It is intended to be invoked after one or more invocations of the `appendReplacement` method in order to copy the remainder of the input sequence.

      Parameters:
        `sb` - The target string buffer
      Returns:
        The target string buffer

    - #### replaceAll

          public String replaceAll(String replacement)

      Replaces every subsequence of the input sequence that matches the pattern with the given replacement string.

      This method first resets this matcher. It then scans the input sequence looking for matches of the pattern. Characters that are not part of any match are appended directly to the result string; each match is replaced in the result by the replacement string. The replacement string may contain references to captured subsequences as in the `appendReplacement` method.

      Note that backslashes (`\`) and dollar signs (`$`) in the replacement string may cause the results to be different than if it were being treated as a literal replacement string. Dollar signs may be treated as references to captured subsequences as described above, and backslashes are used to escape literal characters in the replacement string.

      Given the regular expression `a*b`, the input `"aabfooaabfooabfoob"`, and the replacement string `"-"`, an invocation of this method on a matcher for that expression would yield the string `"-foo-foo-foo-"`.

      Invoking this method changes this matcher's state. If the matcher is to be used in further matching operations then it should first be reset.

      Parameters:
        `replacement` - The replacement string
      Returns:
        The string constructed by replacing each matching subsequence by the replacement string, substituting captured subsequences as needed

    - #### replaceFirst

          public String replaceFirst(String replacement)

      Replaces the first subsequence of the input sequence that matches the pattern with the given replacement string.

      This method first resets this matcher. It then scans the input sequence looking for a match of the pattern. Characters that are not part of the match are appended directly to the result string; the match is replaced in the result by the replacement string. The replacement string may contain references to captured subsequences as in the `appendReplacement` method.

      Note that backslashes (`\`) and dollar signs (`$`) in the replacement string may cause the results to be different than if it were being treated as a literal replacement string. Dollar signs may be treated as references to captured subsequences as described above, and backslashes are used to escape literal characters in the replacement string.

      Given the regular expression `dog`, the input `"zzzdogzzzdogzzz"`, and the replacement string `"cat"`, an invocation of this method on a matcher for that expression would yield the string `"zzzcatzzzdogzzz"`.

      Invoking this method changes this matcher's state. If the matcher is to be used in further matching operations then it should first be reset.

      Parameters:
        `replacement` - The replacement string
      Returns:
        The string constructed by replacing the first matching subsequence by the replacement string, substituting captured subsequences as needed

    - #### region

          public Matcher region(int start,
                                int end)

      Sets the limits of this matcher's region. The region is the part of the input sequence that will be searched to find a match. Invoking this method resets the matcher, and then sets the region to start at the index specified by the `start` parameter and end at the index specified by the `end` parameter.

      Depending on the transparency and anchoring being used (see `useTransparentBounds` and `useAnchoringBounds`), certain constructs such as anchors may behave differently at or around the boundaries of the region.

      Parameters:
        `start` - The index to start searching at (inclusive)
        `end` - The index to end searching at (exclusive)
      Returns:
        this matcher
      Throws:
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - If start or end is less than zero, if start is greater than the length of the input sequence, if end is greater than the length of the input sequence, or if start is greater than end.
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### regionStart

          public int regionStart()

      Reports the start index of this matcher's region. The searches this matcher conducts are limited to finding matches within `regionStart` (inclusive) and `regionEnd` (exclusive).
      Returns:
        The starting point of this matcher's region
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### regionEnd

          public int regionEnd()

      Reports the end index (exclusive) of this matcher's region. The searches this matcher conducts are limited to finding matches within `regionStart` (inclusive) and `regionEnd` (exclusive).
      Returns:
        the ending point of this matcher's region
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### hasTransparentBounds

          public boolean hasTransparentBounds()

      Queries the transparency of region bounds for this matcher.

      This method returns `true` if this matcher uses transparent bounds, `false` if it uses opaque bounds.

      See `useTransparentBounds` for a description of transparent and opaque bounds.

      By default, a matcher uses opaque region boundaries.

      Returns:
        `true` iff this matcher is using transparent bounds, `false` otherwise.
      Since:
        1.5
      See Also:
        `useTransparentBounds(boolean)`

    - #### useTransparentBounds

          public Matcher useTransparentBounds(boolean b)

      Sets the transparency of region bounds for this matcher.

      Invoking this method with an argument of `true` will set this matcher to use transparent bounds. If the boolean argument is `false`, then opaque bounds will be used.

      Using transparent bounds, the boundaries of this matcher's region are transparent to lookahead, lookbehind, and boundary matching constructs. Those constructs can see beyond the boundaries of the region to see if a match is appropriate.

      Using opaque bounds, the boundaries of this matcher's region are opaque to lookahead, lookbehind, and boundary matching constructs that may try to see beyond them. Those constructs cannot look past the boundaries so they will fail to match anything outside of the region.

      By default, a matcher uses opaque bounds.

      Parameters:
        `b` - a boolean indicating whether to use opaque or transparent regions
      Returns:
        this matcher
      Since:
        1.5
      See Also:
        `hasTransparentBounds()`

    - #### hasAnchoringBounds

          public boolean hasAnchoringBounds()

      Queries the anchoring of region bounds for this matcher.

      This method returns `true` if this matcher uses anchoring bounds, `false` otherwise.

      See `useAnchoringBounds` for a description of anchoring bounds.

      By default, a matcher uses anchoring region boundaries.

      Returns:
        `true` iff this matcher is using anchoring bounds, `false` otherwise.
      Since:
        1.5
      See Also:
        `useAnchoringBounds(boolean)`

    - #### useAnchoringBounds

          public Matcher useAnchoringBounds(boolean b)

      Sets the anchoring of region bounds for this matcher.

      Invoking this method with an argument of `true` will set this matcher to use anchoring bounds. If the boolean argument is `false`, then non-anchoring bounds will be used.

      Using anchoring bounds, the boundaries of this matcher's region match anchors such as ^ and $.

      Without anchoring bounds, the boundaries of this matcher's region will not match anchors such as ^ and $.

      By default, a matcher uses anchoring region boundaries.

      Parameters:
        `b` - a boolean indicating whether or not to use anchoring bounds.
      Returns:
        this matcher
      Since:
        1.5
      See Also:
        `hasAnchoringBounds()`

    - #### toString

          public String toString()

      Returns the string representation of this matcher. The string representation of a `Matcher` contains information that may be useful for debugging. The exact format is unspecified.

      Overrides:
        `toString` in class `Object`
      Returns:
        The string representation of this matcher
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### hitEnd

          public boolean hitEnd()

      Returns true if the end of input was hit by the search engine in the last match operation performed by this matcher.

      When this method returns true, then it is possible that more input would have changed the result of the last search.

      Returns:
        true iff the end of input was hit in the last match; false otherwise
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### requireEnd

          public boolean requireEnd()

      Returns true if more input could change a positive match into a negative one.

      If this method returns true, and a match was found, then more input could cause the match to be lost. If this method returns false and a match was found, then more input might change the match but the match won't be lost. If a match was not found, then requireEnd has no meaning.

      Returns:
        true iff more input could change a positive match into a negative one.
      Since:
        1.5

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