java.text

## Class Format

- java.lang.Object
- - java.text.Format

- All Implemented Interfaces:
    Serializable, Cloneable
  Direct Known Subclasses:
    DateFormat, MessageFormat, NumberFormat

      public abstract class Format
      extends Object
      implements Serializable, Cloneable

  `Format` is an abstract base class for formatting locale-sensitive information such as dates, messages, and numbers.

  `Format` defines the programming interface for formatting locale-sensitive objects into `String`s (the `format` method) and for parsing `String`s back into objects (the `parseObject` method).

  Generally, a format's `parseObject` method must be able to parse any string formatted by its `format` method. However, there may be exceptional cases where this is not possible. For example, a `format` method might create two adjacent integer numbers with no separator in between, and in this case the `parseObject` could not tell which digits belong to which number.

  #### Subclassing

  The Java Platform provides three specialized subclasses of `Format`-- `DateFormat`, `MessageFormat`, and `NumberFormat`--for formatting dates, messages, and numbers, respectively.

  Concrete subclasses must implement three methods:

  1. `format(Object obj, StringBuffer toAppendTo, FieldPosition pos)`
  2. `formatToCharacterIterator(Object obj)`
  3. `parseObject(String source, ParsePosition pos)`
  These general methods allow polymorphic parsing and formatting of objects and are used, for example, by `MessageFormat`. Subclasses often also provide additional `format` methods for specific input types as well as `parse` methods for specific result types. Any `parse` method that does not take a `ParsePosition` argument should throw `ParseException` when no text in the required format is at the beginning of the input text.

  Most subclasses will also implement the following factory methods:

  1. `getInstance` for getting a useful format object appropriate for the current locale
  2. `getInstance(Locale)` for getting a useful format object appropriate for the specified locale
  In addition, some subclasses may also implement other `getXxxxInstance` methods for more specialized control. For example, the `NumberFormat` class provides `getPercentInstance` and `getCurrencyInstance` methods for getting specialized number formatters.

  Subclasses of `Format` that allow programmers to create objects for locales (with `getInstance(Locale)` for example) must also implement the following class method:

  >      public static Locale[] getAvailableLocales()

  And finally subclasses may define a set of constants to identify the various fields in the formatted output. These constants are used to create a FieldPosition object which identifies what information is contained in the field and its position in the formatted result. These constants should be named `item_FIELD` where `item` identifies the field. For examples of these constants, see `ERA_FIELD` and its friends in `DateFormat`.

  #### Synchronization

  Formats are generally not synchronized. It is recommended to create separate format instances for each thread. If multiple threads access a format concurrently, it must be synchronized externally.

  Author:
    Mark Davis
  See Also:
    `ParsePosition`, `FieldPosition`, `NumberFormat`, `DateFormat`, `MessageFormat`, Serialized Form

- - ### Nested Class Summary

    Nested Classes
    Modifier and Type | Class and Description
    --- | ---
    `static class` | `Format.Field` Defines constants that are used as attribute keys in the `AttributedCharacterIterator` returned from `Format.formatToCharacterIterator` and as field identifiers in `FieldPosition`.

  - ### Constructor Summary

    Constructors
    Modifier | Constructor and Description
    --- | ---
    `protected` | `Format()` Sole constructor.

  - ### Method Summary

    All Methods Instance Methods Abstract Methods Concrete Methods
    Modifier and Type | Method and Description
    --- | ---
    `Object` | `clone()` Creates and returns a copy of this object.
    `String` | `format(Object obj)` Formats an object to produce a string.
    `abstract StringBuffer` | `format(Object obj, StringBuffer toAppendTo, FieldPosition pos)` Formats an object and appends the resulting text to a given string buffer.
    `AttributedCharacterIterator` | `formatToCharacterIterator(Object obj)` Formats an Object producing an `AttributedCharacterIterator`.
    `Object` | `parseObject(String source)` Parses text from the beginning of the given string to produce an object.
    `abstract Object` | `parseObject(String source, ParsePosition pos)` Parses text from a string to produce an object.

    - ### Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

      `equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait`

- - ### Constructor Detail

    - #### Format

          protected Format()

      Sole constructor. (For invocation by subclass constructors, typically implicit.)

  - ### Method Detail

    - #### format

          public final String format(Object obj)

      Formats an object to produce a string. This is equivalent to

      > `format``(obj, new StringBuffer(), new FieldPosition(0)).toString();`

      Parameters:
        `obj` - The object to format
      Returns:
        Formatted string.
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the Format cannot format the given object

    - #### format

          public abstract StringBuffer format(Object obj,
                                              StringBuffer toAppendTo,
                                              FieldPosition pos)

      Formats an object and appends the resulting text to a given string buffer. If the `pos` argument identifies a field used by the format, then its indices are set to the beginning and end of the first such field encountered.
      Parameters:
        `obj` - The object to format
        `toAppendTo` - where the text is to be appended
        `pos` - A `FieldPosition` identifying a field in the formatted text
      Returns:
        the string buffer passed in as `toAppendTo`, with formatted text appended
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if `toAppendTo` or `pos` is null
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the Format cannot format the given object

    - #### formatToCharacterIterator

          public AttributedCharacterIterator formatToCharacterIterator(Object obj)

      Formats an Object producing an `AttributedCharacterIterator`. You can use the returned `AttributedCharacterIterator` to build the resulting String, as well as to determine information about the resulting String.

      Each attribute key of the AttributedCharacterIterator will be of type `Field`. It is up to each `Format` implementation to define what the legal values are for each attribute in the `AttributedCharacterIterator`, but typically the attribute key is also used as the attribute value.

      The default implementation creates an `AttributedCharacterIterator` with no attributes. Subclasses that support fields should override this and create an `AttributedCharacterIterator` with meaningful attributes.

      Parameters:
        `obj` - The object to format
      Returns:
        AttributedCharacterIterator describing the formatted value.
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if obj is null.
        `IllegalArgumentException` - when the Format cannot format the given object.
      Since:
        1.4

    - #### parseObject

          public abstract Object parseObject(String source,
                                             ParsePosition pos)

      Parses text from a string to produce an object.

      The method attempts to parse text starting at the index given by `pos`. If parsing succeeds, then the index of `pos` is updated to the index after the last character used (parsing does not necessarily use all characters up to the end of the string), and the parsed object is returned. The updated `pos` can be used to indicate the starting point for the next call to this method. If an error occurs, then the index of `pos` is not changed, the error index of `pos` is set to the index of the character where the error occurred, and null is returned.

      Parameters:
        `source` - A `String`, part of which should be parsed.
        `pos` - A `ParsePosition` object with index and error index information as described above.
      Returns:
        An `Object` parsed from the string. In case of error, returns null.
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if `pos` is null.

    - #### parseObject

          public Object parseObject(String source)
                             throws ParseException

      Parses text from the beginning of the given string to produce an object. The method may not use the entire text of the given string.
      Parameters:
        `source` - A `String` whose beginning should be parsed.
      Returns:
        An `Object` parsed from the string.
      Throws:
        `ParseException` - if the beginning of the specified string cannot be parsed.

    - #### clone

          public Object clone()

      Creates and returns a copy of this object.
      Overrides:
        `clone` in class `Object`
      Returns:
        a clone of this instance.
      See Also:
        `Cloneable`

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